General Nutrition - Feeding the Ex-Racehorse
Straight out of Training The thoroughbred straight out of training will have been used to a high energy, low fibre diet, consuming large amounts of concentrate feed whilst being fed only small volumes of forage. This rather unnatural diet means that the ex-racehorse coming off the track has to become accustomed not only to his new home but also to the, hopefully, quite different feeding practices which associated with it. Whether you are feeding a horse straight out of training or a Shetland pony, they both require a balanced diet to meet their requirements for energy, protein, fibre vitamins and minerals, whilst suiting temperament, workload and age.
The first hurdle to tackle nutritionally is to reduce the amount of energy the horse is receiving. He may well have come out of training being fed in excess of 16lbs (7.2kg) of a high energy racehorse mix designed to provide him with plenty of fast release energy (with a digestible energy (DE) of 13-14MJ/kg), probably the last thing that is required at his new home! Although we need to reduce his energy intake it is still important that the level of nutrients he receives is not compromised and offering him a handful of pony nuts and chaff will not be sufficient. Choosing a lower energy cube or mix such as No.2 Working Horse & Pony Cubes or No.13 Oat Free Horse & Pony Mix at feeding it at correct levels will supply just 10MJ/kg of DE plus the protein, vitamins and minerals that the horse needs. A typical thoroughbred weighing 500kg (1100lbs) at rest or in light work will need 2.5kg (5lbs) of concentrate per day alongside 7.5kg (16.5lbs) of forage.
Feeding at Grass
For those being turned away on to good grass, a balancer like Lo-Cal is a great way of supplementing the diet whilst minimising energy/calorie intake. Balancers provide a concentrated source of nutrients in a small volume which can be beneficial when feeding at pasture. As no more than 1.8kg (4lbs) of concentrate should be fed per meal, Lo-Cal can easily be fed once a day but, where grass quality is not good or the horse requires more condition, correct levels of a mix or cube are a better option as a balancer provides few calories.
Adjusting feeding regimes when bringing horses in, after a long period of “down time” in the field, should be done gradually. Grass provides more calories, protein, vitamins and minerals generally than a hay or haylage so when substituting the grass conserved forage, it is important that the nutrient content of the concentrate ration is adjusted accordingly. If feeding a balancer, it may be necessary to increase the calorie content of the diet by changing to a high fibre low energy cube or mix. Where further calories are required, a specially formulated conditioning feed is the preferred option.
Safe Conditioning
Whatever your ex-racehorse is doing, if he needs to gain weight, the most effective solution is a specially formulated conditioning feed, like Top Line Conditioning Cubes or Mix. These provide a concentrated source of non-heating calories, keeping meal sizes down and ensuring the feed is utilised more efficiently with a smaller risk of digestive upsets or “crabby” behaviour. Cubes tend to contain less starch than a mix of a similar nutrient specification so if your horse is prone to being a bit fizzy, which is fairly typical of thoroughbreds out of training, feed a cube rather than a mix.
Providing 2¼ times as many calories as cereals, oil is a useful addition to the diet where further slow release, non-heating energy is required in a small volume. 250 – 500 ml per day is necessary to make a significant contribution so a high oil supplement, like Outshine, may be preferable as a mess-free palatable alternative. This provides a blend of soya and linseed plus supporting antioxidants, which are necessary for the efficient utilisation of the oil by the body, and is fed in small amounts from ½ to 3lb per day. Fibre – Especially Important!
Research suggests that 90% of horses in training suffer from gastric ulcers due to the low fibre, high starch diets that they receive during training. This makes it all the more important to ensure that the ex-racehorse is returned to a high fibre diet as soon as is possible. Forage is important in any horse’s diet as they have evolved consuming large amounts of forage eaten over an 18 hour period. Fibre is vital for maintaining regular bowl movement, helping to push out any excess gas that may be accumulating in the gut. The gut can become distended when gas builds up which causes considerable pain and is likely to result in colic symptoms.
Fibre is also important for counteracting acidity throughout the digestive tract. When the horse chews, saliva is produced which helps to neutralise the acidity of the stomach contents. As it takes the horse longer to chew fibre than concentrates, more saliva is produced so the acid is neutralised to a greater extent than when concentrates are consumed. This helps to avoid gastric ulceration to the squamous (top) region of the stomach, which is vulnerable to ulcers, and also helps to mop up excess acid in the stomach helping the healing process of existing ulcers whilst reducing further risk of ulceration.
In the hind gut where the fibre is fermented by bacteria, the acids produced as the fibre is broken down are much weaker than the ones that are produced when starch (cereals) is broken down. This means that the environment in the hind gut is more hospitable to the bacterial population and, as these bacteria are particularly important to the overall health of the horse, it is important to keep them happy by maintaining fibre levels! Healthy Mind
Not only does fibre help keep the gut healthy, it also keeps the mind healthy. Providing your horse with plenty of fibre either in the stable or field is beneficial in preventing boredom and also relieving stress. As horses are herd animals, reducing their contact with other horses can cause considerable anxiety and result in problems. It has previously been assumed that boredom was the main reason horses receiving very little fibre started to develop stereotypies, as they had long periods of time doing nothing. However, research is suggesting that in fact, some stereotypies are a response to increased acidity in the digestive tract. Therefore if a horse isn’t receiving much fibre he won’t be spending very long chewing and the gut may remain very acidic. The importance of fibre can never be under estimated; feed more of it, and keep the volume of concentrates down, and the risk of digestive upsets occurring will, quite simply, be reduced.
Creating a healthy gut
If your thoroughbred has come from a reschooling/rehabilitation centre, the gut should be healthy and already adapted to a new feeding regime. However, moving to a new home or still adapting from a life in racing, can still take its toll on the digestive system. During times of stress, beneficial bacteria in the digestive tract can become disrupted resulting in an unhealthy gut. One of the most obvious signs of stress is loose droppings which is often a physiological response to the “excitement” or stresses of racing. Although using a prebiotic, like Digest Plus, is unlikely to stop the droppings from becoming loose, it should mean that harmful bacteria are unable to take advantage of the compromised condition of the digestive tract. The use of prebiotics should help to reduce the incidence of diarrhoea caused by bacterial infections. Probiotics and prebiotics have been developed to help enhance the bacterial population and are particularly beneficial when the digestive tract is under stress. Prebiotics work by providing beneficial bacteria with a food source, keeping beneficial bacteria healthy so they can reproduce and harmful species have no room to develop. Helping to maintain the natural bacterial balance of the gut also promotes efficient feed utilisation, beneficial for the ‘poor doer’ and overall good health.
Normal Horse
With attention to detail and a little care in the early stages, there is no reason why your ex-racehorse shouldn’t thrive on a diet where the ratio of forage to concentrates is kept in a healthy balance. If you unsure of the right approach for your thoroughbred, feed company helplines can offer practical advice and help you explore your options. Once settled into their new life, most thoroughbreds simply need treating as any other individual horse and some even become laid back good doers!
For advice and guidance on finding and keeping an ex-racehorse, visit Retraining of Racehorses.